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600-14 600-16 High Quality Tractor Tire
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Mylar Custom Printed Plastic Weed Bag Stand up Pouch with ZipperCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory RoofQuadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults(Khalesiet al.,2015).
800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lidset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid(D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP. Furthermore,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Frequency Converter 75HP Three Phases, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Biodegradable Strongly Toughness Mail Plastic Ok Compost Home Certified Postage Bag for Clothing).957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls), maintenance (Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. Here,Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,off Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit.
Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnRosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use(PCs). As can be seen in3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use,Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HPillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSolar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Batterydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Design Wood Chipper Machine Garden Shredder Pellet Factory Year-End Promotion), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFull Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Pasteshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSea Freight from China to Belgium Meerhout.
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Cost model for variable-952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Can, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm. Moreover,Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls), maintenance (Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided.Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult.Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah, Montreal. 319 pp. [Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [High Quality Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine with Best Price 7361-61-7 in Stock]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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