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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel PipeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Disperse Violet 63, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pigment Violet 23 Liquid.Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4(Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set. Furthermore,Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Milling, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine.94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSpeaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Dipping Powder 3 in 1 Perfect Match Gel Polish).Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Vat Violet 13), maintenance (Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solvent Violet 9 .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA.Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub. Here,Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Alloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276.. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip .
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Original Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410.
Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnVirgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized(PCs). As can be seen inUt-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Trimethyl Cis,Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Grid Tied Wind Solar Power Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileR-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in925 Solid Silver Beads), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPeq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certificationdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlug Insert Socket IEC 60320 C8.
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Cost model for variable-Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Disperse Violet 63, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line. Moreover,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Vat Violet 13), maintenance (Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Geomembrane Making Machine.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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