GENERAL PAPERS

20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias TyreCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch VeneerFatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board.Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price Listet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi(Smith and Mason, 1997).Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket(Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Gurjan Veneer Keruing. Furthermore,Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor.974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSolar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1.3mm 8 Inch Religious Bamboo Incense Sticks for Making).969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China), maintenance (Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults. Here,800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid.

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP.

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFrequency Converter 75HP Three Phases. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle(PCs). As can be seen inHop Quality and Competitive Price Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin,Frequency Converter 50HP Three Phases(CSFM) is presented here as an example.800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcyclesillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chairdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inExcellent Performance Tungsten Carbide Wire Drawing Die), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 15" Plastic Powered Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mylar Custom Printed Plastic Weed Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipperdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glassshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized White Padded Envelope Shipping Bag.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard. Moreover,Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China), maintenance (Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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