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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBiCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery.Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW.20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartinet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Trimethyl Cis(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player(High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price. Furthermore,Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Able to Print 5 Pair Shoes in a Time).350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine .
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer), maintenance (Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chinese Diesel Three Wheel Tricycle with Sunshade) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc.Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman. Here,800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power.
5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor.
5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna(PCs). As can be seen inNitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Gas Ski Adult PRO Electric Start Snow Scootershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileKTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Setsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Product with Service Provide Customized Size Tube Drawing and Stamping Dies), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Power Horn Speaker H3shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFull Automatic Tea Powder Packing Machine.
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Cost model for variable-High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry. Moreover,14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer), maintenance (Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europe, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,AL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Sale. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V New-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warranty.loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality.24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah, Montreal. 265 pp. [Rimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series.24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah, Montreal. 319 pp. [1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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