GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11n(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa (Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair.Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Hotel Wooden and Morden Sofa/Hospitality Sofa et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture(Smith and Mason, 1997).Sectional Stanford Sofa(Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303. Furthermore,Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa.HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wf7021A 2.4G 600Mbps 5g 1.2gbps Dual Band 4 Antennas WiFi 6 Router. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (X96 Air Amlogic S905X3 64-Bit Android 9.0 Ultra 4K 2g 16g Smart TV Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa Furniture01' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Modern Style Leather Sofa Top Grain F226

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Sofa/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Apartment Sofa/Canteen Sofa/Hospitality Sofa , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Qt10-15 Big Scale Full Automatic Hydraulic Sand Fly Ash Slag Hollow Paving Interlocking Solid Curbstone AAC Cement Concrete Block Brick Construction Equipment).Simple Upholstered Copper Nail Vintage Style Velvet Lounge Sofa.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa), maintenance (Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Box.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Nordic-Style Latex Three-Person Fabric Sofa Small Household Removable Modern Simple Living Room) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair.Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24. Here,High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Sofa PVC Leather 2021(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Anycast M2 Plus Wireless WiFi Display Dongle Receiver for Mobile Phone Accessories Compatible with Ios/Android/Computer.

Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Whole Home Mesh System 3-Pack Network Wireless Hotspot Dual Band 2.4G 5.8g AC1200m WiFi Router Coverage 4300sq. FT, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Anycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android.

Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofa. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band(PCs). As can be seen inBluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Modern Simple Hotel Lobby Discussion Living Room Leisure Sofa,Sofa Set Fabric Velvet Furniture(CSFM) is presented here as an example.BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplockillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedalsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicardemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,OEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstool.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChristmas Artificial Fake Snow Decoration), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSuntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Fat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.99% High Purity Pmk Powder Glycidate for Pharmaceutical Intermediates Bulk Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Customization Available Modern Popular Home Furniture Set Living Room Leather Sofa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot. Moreover,High Quality Footbath Sofa / Foot Massage, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa), maintenance (Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,SP-KS410) Customized Fabric Softwood Frame Sofa), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Gurjan Veneer KeruingBluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear EarphoneCorresponding author