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Disposable Nonwoven Green Bfe99 Medical Surgical Doctor Face Mask Earloops
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free EarpieceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single PhaseThree Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels.Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal.Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch(Smith and Mason, 1997).Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard(Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution. Furthermore,2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W.Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inIndustrial Energy Saving Device Made in China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Cap, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (DOE VI Efficiency 9V 600mA Switching AC DC Adapter Us Plug Logo Print Universal Power Supply).Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer), maintenance (3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA.Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady. Here,Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB.
Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCe Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2386 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(PCs). As can be seen inNatural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied,60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery(CSFM) is presented here as an example.PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filamentillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metalshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePlastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 New Design Green Jacquard Interior Curtain Cloth Decoration), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from6A Grade Indian Beard) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Androidshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIndustrial Power Plant 320kw/400kVA 352kw/440kVA UK Engine 2206D-E13tag3 Electric Diesel Generator Set.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Converter for Water Pump/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adult. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap. Moreover,Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer), maintenance (3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service.Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof.Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes, Montreal. 319 pp. [Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Professional Line Array Speaker Single 10 Inch Full Range System]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad800W Color Fashion Electric MotorcycleCorresponding author