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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
White PowderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with CE RoHS IP68 ReportsWireless PA System for Classroom and Church; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.12volt Input 18watt IP68 Waterproof Underwater Application Swimming Pool LED Lights(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 23dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V.3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner.Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performanceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags(Smith and Mason, 1997).Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series(Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service. Furthermore,Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad.Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Vitreous Hemorrhage , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProxima Entertainment S-320 Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (P2.5mm Die-Casting Stage Video Advertising LED Display).ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter), maintenance (Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle.Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc. Here,Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna .
Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Police Motorcycle 250cc.
125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels(PCs). As can be seen in5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking,Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling(CSFM) is presented here as an example.350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lidshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNitrogen Fertilizerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Wholesale Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass CZ Bracelet for Girl), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPolyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adultsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.860MHz Two Way Amplifier (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Transparency Customized Glass Screen.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 23dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan. Moreover,Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter), maintenance (Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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