GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System HomeYellow Color Plastic Masterbatch; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter.10HP Three Phase Frequency Converteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP(Smith and Mason, 1997).3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase(Donbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase. Furthermore,15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSingle 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Alunimun Tin for Cosmetics with Screw Cap).Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers), maintenance (Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult.10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof. Here,High Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/AC(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Tx6s H616 Allwinner 4K Smart Aluminum Ott IPTV 10.0 Android TV Box) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical.

Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Cap, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.

3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior(PCs). As can be seen inRetinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA,Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady(CSFM) is presented here as an example.ISO9001 Certified Factory Price China Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpieceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileThree Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCCTV HD), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromArc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Moduledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filamentshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina 8 Feet Veneer Wood Machinery/Wood Thickness Planer Price.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2386 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Easy Installation Good Quality Factory Supply Grid Tied 10kw 12kw 15kw on Solar System for Commercial and Industrial Use. Moreover,Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers), maintenance (Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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