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12oz 350ml Egg Shape Stainless Steel Insulated Vacuum Wine Tumbler with Lid Custom Laser Logo 9oz
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home PowerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin CanDiscount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance., sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Duty Chinese mini loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black.HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IPet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate(Smith and Mason, 1997).Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder(Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ. Furthermore,Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Go Kart .New Go Kart (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAdv. 1 Alloy Wheel (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Small Single Sink Hotel Modern White Bathroom Hanging Vanity).No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme), maintenance (TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use.Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm. Here,Sapelli Plywood, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping.
UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (18mm Pine/Combi Core Waterproof Plastic Black Film Faced Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic.
350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFrench Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap(PCs). As can be seen inLanosterol 79 -63-0 , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans,1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18wattillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wholesales Veterinary Drugs Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 USA Warehouseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brakedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Polycrystalline Diamond PCD for Wire Drawing Die), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPopular 3kwh Hot Saling Li-ion Battery Supplier) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tighteningshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLuxury Precious Stone Backlit Purple Fluorite Slab.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Design Go Kart 150cc /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter. Moreover,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme), maintenance (TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory.3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture, Montreal. 265 pp. [Rotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue.China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture, Montreal. 319 pp. [Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free]
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18mm Pine/Combi Core Waterproof Plastic Black Film Faced Plywood, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-WLAN WiFi Yagi Antenna.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [PE/ PA /CPP Food Vacuum Packing Bag Plastic Grade]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride TetramisoleCarbon Black Masterbatch for Injection MouldingCorresponding author