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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for SaleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2-Cyclohexylethanol , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,L-Pyroglutamic Acid. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !.Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp(Khalesiet al.,2015).
L-Pyroglutamic Acid.China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator(Smith and Mason, 1997).Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8(Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality Retinoic Acid ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality 98% Tretinoin , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price. Furthermore,Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free.Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Potassium 2
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Local Anesthetic Powder Mepivacaine CAS No.: 22801-44-1 for Pain Relief).Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2), maintenance (Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020. Here,Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material.
Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Supply 1, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9.
Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4(PCs). As can be seen inSelf Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1,Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Arrayillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loadershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHealth Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWool Blend Zip up Hoodie Sweater for Men), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle Citydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinetshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBest Laser Cutter for Small Business/Budget.
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Cost model for variable-99% Purity 1
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.High Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price, indicated inWholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.N. Moreover,Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2), maintenance (Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering FurnaceDisperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /BlackCorresponding author