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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Q1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12inches PA Speaker Audio Component, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1.Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box .Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PAet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality Cheap 200cc and 150cc Farm Utility ATV(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Speaker with Laser Light (Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4. Furthermore,High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1.High Quality Phena(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (18" Fane Style Aluminum Speaker Frame, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSoftel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Horn Professional Speaker H3

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Coaxial Loudspeaker TD12, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),18'' Subwoofer Speaker Box Ls1200(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sales Latest Fashion Luxury Crystal Brooch).Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Box.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional), maintenance (Fast Delivery 1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Speaker Box F12+.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (15'' Coaxial Speaker ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Customs Guaranteed 1.China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6. Here,Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Manufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio.

Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakers, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Dare Dual 8" Neodymium Active Line Array Set PA System.

12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnPA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn (PCs). As can be seen inFat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Quality Certified Product Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK Powder,High Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bassillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatorydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBSCI Factory Wholesale Bulk Blue Rubber Ducks), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysiademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Chinese Manufacturer Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates16648-44-5 BMK White Powder[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Androidshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBreathable soft touch absorption diapers.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.99% BMK White Powder Glycidate Bulk Sales CAS: 16648-44-5; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12inches PA Speaker Audio Component, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powder, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker. Moreover,BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Portable 15inch PA Speaker F15+, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional), maintenance (Fast Delivery 1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Speaker 12 Inch SA-212 Professional Sound Box Portable Passive, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Speaker Tcx- 10. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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