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High-Precision Cheap Price CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCSCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional.10'' Red Steel Woofer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker.Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermeticet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array(Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container. Furthermore,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Promotion Cheap Sample Gift Champion with Ribbon Medals).aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher), maintenance (Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker.10 Inch KTV System Woofer. Here,Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet.
50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives.
Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnO-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price(PCs). As can be seen inNatural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers,1-Bromo-3(CSFM) is presented here as an example.220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladiesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCSdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Low Price 4.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHalloween Mask Animal Best China Supplier), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSuper Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtubdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Custom Printing Child Resistant Zip Plastic Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch for Weed / Cashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSmn433 Scm421 Scm400 SNC236 steel plate high strength factory price.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker. Moreover,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher), maintenance (Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2.Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10, Montreal. 265 pp. [Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2.D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker .Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10, Montreal. 319 pp. [China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw]
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Prasad, L. 1969.1g 1/8oz 1/4oz 1/2oz 1oz Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Mylar Ziplock Food Packaging Pouch Plastic Film Bags for Mmj Gummy Bears Exit Container.High bright Samsung 46" 49" 55" LCD video wall screen monitor, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Cosmetic Raw Material Powder CAS 20449- 79 -0 Pure Bee Venom/Melittin/Melitten]
50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Factory Sell 99% Purity Diclofenac Sodium Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Plastic Green Color Masterbatch]
50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Biodegradable Compostable Customized Printed Express Courier Mailer Bag]
50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102. [Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa]
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USBM. 1987.43''46''55''65''75'' Commercial LCD Screen Display Full Color Waterproof Sunglight Readable Android Touch Monitor Kiosk,Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Alpina Brand OTR Tire 20.5-25]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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