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4 Way Universal Power Strip Socket with Independant Switch
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Horn Speaker L-Acoustics Kudo Line Array+ PA System Array BoxCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle MilkCAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1500cc Watercraft with 3seat. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal.Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Underwater Light.WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwateret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Mining Tyre(Smith and Mason, 1997).20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals(CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light. Furthermore,150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light.10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNew Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Navy Blue Sexy Massage and Air Drop in Acrylic Whirlpool Bathtub).High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line), maintenance (1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack.25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding. Here,Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV.
24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Mc4y Solar Connector, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV.
RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnThermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles(PCs). As can be seen inPlastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk,Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector(CSFM) is presented here as an example.32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antennaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFidemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mc4 Electronic Connector.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCarbon Steel Fiber Laser Cutting Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chipdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trikeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable OEM Baby Cloth Diaper Diapers Manufacturer in Fujian China.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights. Moreover,Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Underwater Pool Light with Niche , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line), maintenance (1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Skin Tightening), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49"Imiprothrin 93%TCCorresponding author