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6mm Commercial Click Vinyl Luxury Plank Spc Flooring for Hotels
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool AccessoriesCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.5000va 48VDC on off Grid Tied Low Frequency Hybrid Solar Power Backup Inverter5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Eougem Mini 0.8 Ton Front End Loader of Good Quality 25kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grid Tied Microinverter 1200W Waterproof Pure Sine Wave with WiFi Monitoring, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale Android 9.0 4K HD IPTV Set Top Box Amlogic S905W 2GB 16GB Smart Internet TV.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory Wholesale E-3/L-3 OTR Sand Road Construction Nylon Loader Scraper Tire Tyre 17.5-25, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,25KW Ground Mini loader price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Growatt 80kw 70kw 60kw 50kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Max 80ktl3 LV Three Phase for Commercial 1MW System.Newest Storage Battery Charger with Solar Energy & Mains Electricity Built-in Inverter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 25kw.No Flicker Glare High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chipet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde / Phthalaldehyde with Best Price(Smith and Mason, 1997).Yn725 Wheel Loader 25kw Mini(AC12V RGB Mini PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)CE OEM ISO SGS Zl08 800kg Articulated Compact Shovel Mini Wheel Loader with Changchai Engine 25kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,New Style Underwater IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.off Grid Tied Solar Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 500kw 3phase. Furthermore,12V DC/AC 18W/24/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 25kw.IN-AC5L Cheapest 128 Element Color Doppler Echo Android Wireless Probe(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Sale Big Pickup Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooled Engine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (AC12V RGB Mini PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Speaker Home Cinema Dual 6" Full Range Loudspeaker Entertainment CF2620(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;12V AC Warm White PC Mini Flat Resin Filled LED Pool Light' names:
►Medical Equipment Portable Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer: based on 36-foot,No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip,220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use,Genuine ATSC DVB-S2 Internet TV Receiver Zgemma H3. AC for Mexico USA Canada Market, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Hot Sale Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,4GB32GB 4K Android TV Box Digital Display T95X2 with Amlogic S905X2 Internet Quad Core CPU Media, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Shipping Agent DHL Express Service From China to Portugal).Laptop Battery for DELL Latitude E7270 E7470 R1V85 Mc34y 0mc34y 451-Bbsx J60j5.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use), maintenance (Solar & Mains Storage Battery Charger with Inverter to 80AC 3840wh) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter 80A Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Flying Online Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Conveyor Belt) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate.Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840wh 80A 220V Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. Here,Fiber Laser Marking Color Printing Machine Price 30W 50W 100W Mopa, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBi.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover.
20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
600W- 800W 48V/60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Best Selling Electric Scooter Mini 800W .
150cc Automatic Racing Sports Exclusive Design ATV , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Cheap 200cc and 150cc Farm Utility ATV. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV Amplifier(PCs). As can be seen inProfesssional Audio Professional Line Array Musical Instrument System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business,2021 Hot Selling Cheapelectric Mini Dirt Bike Lithium Battery Powered 500/ 800W Fat Mountain Electric(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAddressable Flex LED Strip Ws2812b Ws2812 144pixel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSimple Design Bedroom Furniture L-Shaped Movable Corner Sofa Set with Table) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Framedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inParty Favor Dress Tulle Beading Sash Full-Length Prom Uw3093.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Encryption Ts Satellite IRD/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grid Tied Microinverter 1200W Waterproof Pure Sine Wave with WiFi Monitoring, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale. Moreover,250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use), maintenance (Solar & Mains Storage Battery Charger with Inverter to 80AC 3840wh), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.12V AC/DC 18W/24W/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Nichless Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty.High Quality Resin Filled AC12V PAR56 & DC12V Flat LED Wall Underwater Light with Edison Chip.150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm, Montreal. 319 pp. [Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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