GENERAL PAPERS

94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.800ml Square Metal ContainersProfessional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans.5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can(Khalesiet al.,2015).

China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg.Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucketet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4(Smith and Mason, 1997).Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans(Padlock). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance., Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Duty Chinese mini loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1. Furthermore,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP.Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Competitive off Grid System of Wind and Solar Power).5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip), maintenance (50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System.No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip. Here,No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use.

Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sapelli Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth.

Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnElectric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping(PCs). As can be seen inMachine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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18mm Pine/Combi Core Waterproof Plastic Black Film Faced Plywood,China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas(CSFM) is presented here as an example.L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650Willustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.99% High Quality Nootropics Drugs Huperzine a 102518- 79 -6 Hupa USA Factory Fast Deliveryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileOphthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWedding Dress Gown Bridal Uw3059), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPlastic Laminated Bio Black White Craft Zipper Yemek Paketleme Paper Kraft Packaging Ziplock Bags for Coffee Food) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Purity O-Phthalaldehydedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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Cost model for variable-Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Design Go Kart 150cc . Moreover,External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip), maintenance (50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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