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Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops CabCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Electric Motorcycles .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle.Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader.500W EEC Electric scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive(Smith and Mason, 1997).Electric Motorcycle (Powersoft Professional Line Array Active Subwoofer Column System DSP PRO Audio Speaker PA Ml15SA). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Solar Electric Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini. Furthermore,0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant.High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Electric Motorcycle . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (EEC Electric Scooter , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAct Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Conch Brand High Quality UPVC Profile Double Glass Door Plastic Sliding).Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter), maintenance (Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw.Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA. Here,Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08.

Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle.

Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnBd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1L Beer Can(PCs). As can be seen in20MHz Skin Rejuvenation Vacuum RF Lifting Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylindershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kwdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTop Quality Agrochemical Fungicide Penconazole 95%Tc 5� 10� 20� 20% Ew 80%Wp), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Speaker Box F12+demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decorationshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLakesea Brand Crocodile M/T 225/75r16 33X12.5r20lt 37X13.5r22lt 4X4 Tyres off Road Mud Extreme Performance 4WD Open Country.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture. Moreover,Radiate Pine Face Veneer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter), maintenance (Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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