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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.L-Arginine 99%.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin .High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn(Khalesiet al.,2015).

R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine.ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000(Smith and Mason, 1997).Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag(Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable. Furthermore,Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food.Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEverun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Offset Printed Metal Pin Badge with Epoxyhot Sale Lapel for Promotional Gift Epoxy Coating).Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array ), maintenance (New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Line Array Vtx V20 Dual 10 Inch Three Way Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag.Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products. Here,Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Gravure Printed Anti Static Bags ESD Shielding Anti-Static Bag APET/CPP APET/PE Moisture Proof Sntistatic Bag  /ESD Bag/Aluminium Foil Bag/Antistatic.

Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Alumimun Foil Film Bag, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg.

99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLf Driver 10 Inches 63.5mm Kapton Coil Professional Speaker . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).USP Diclofenac Sodium Powder Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 15307- 79 -6 Anti Inflammatory(PCs). As can be seen inYanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sptsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Production.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 Latest Solar Powered LED Waterproof Outdoor Security PIR Motion Sensor Garden Wall Light), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screendemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,D&B Style Dual 10 " Professional Speaker Line Array [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.UV Protection Agent 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Mesh Number Can Be Customized Exogenous Biological Compounds(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale disposable baby diaper.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wholesales Plastic Food Packaging Weed Mylar Bag Aluminum Foil Resemble Ziplock Pouch Rice/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mylar Custom Printing Barrier Exit Bag; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Professional Dual 10 " 3-Way Tri-AMP Line Array Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Manufacturer Supply 1, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210 Professional. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Feiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02. Moreover,Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Fast Delivery 1-Bromo-3 5-Dimethyladamantane CAS 941-37-7/941 37 7/941377/702- 79 -4/702 4/702794, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array ), maintenance (New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Supply Rubber Accelerator Mbt 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole CAS No.: 149-30-4), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,10xt High-End PRO Audio Stage Monitor 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Box. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8.High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container.Qsn Professional Audio Dual 10 "Power Speaker Xt10, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Endless Pool]

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New Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speaker, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385.         [Zh-780A-High Speed Cardboard Box Folding Gluing Machine]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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