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Leading Manufacture 2021 Newest Ce RoHS FCC Certified AC/DC 240V 12V Adapter
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to DubaiCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Qsn Professional Audio Dual 10 "Power Speaker Xt1050 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Q1 Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Double 10 Inch Two-Way PRO Audio.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Food Grade Plastic Mylar Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper Cr Water-Proof / Smell Proof for Fruit, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Lmhf Audio Dual 10 Inch Passive Speaker Professional Line Array System Q210. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,10 Inch 2 Ways Self-Powered Active Column Speaker Box Line Array System.Two-Way Passive Line Array (Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Efficiency Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub for Professional Audio Speaker.Custom Printed Food Grade Aluminum Foil Plastic Packaging Weed Mylar Bag for Fine Powder Snackset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning(Smith and Mason, 1997).Foil Liquid Packaging Stand up Spout Pouch Food Bag(10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Smell Proof Waterproof Weed Bag Plastic Food Packaging Child Resistant, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Custom Printing Child Resistant Zip Plastic Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch for Weed / Ca; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mylar Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Plastic Pouch Custom Water Proof Weed Packaging Food Pack Stand up Bag. Furthermore,Mylar Custom Printed Plastic Weed Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Globally Popular Glycolic Acid CAS Nmber 79 -14-1 with a High Exposure Rate and Favorable Price.Mylar Composite Aluminum Foil Laminated Custom Logo Bag with Ziplock(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Bag with Zipper. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Purity O-Phthalaldehyde, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inin Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PRO Audio Dual 10 " 900W Sound System Perfect Line Array Active Speaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Vitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin Disease
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hrk Provide Topiramate Powder Price CAS 97240- 79 -4, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Speaker 2way Double 10inch Full Range High Power Neodymium Speakers Line Array (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Digital High Voltage Vacuum Switch Degree Tester).China 10 " DJ Indoor/Outdoor Audio Sound System Line Array Speakers .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Dual 10 " Professional Home Sound Mini Concert Karaoke Party System Mobile Trolley Battery Active Stereo Audio Speaker with DJ Light+Remote Control+Bt), maintenance (China Hot Sale Professional Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10 " Plywood Professional DSP Active Speaker .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Top Quality CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Chemical Product 4- ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Bluetooth Speaker Indoor Outdoor Party Sound 10 Inch Active Arrray System.Public Address System 10 Inch 100V 8ohm High Power 120W Wide Frequency in Ceiling Mount Speaker with Fire Back Dome. Here,Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 104376- 79 -6 Ceftriaxone Sodium Sterile White Powder, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale Free Sample CAS 302- 79 -4 Retinoic Acid with Best Quality(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dual 10 Inch Top and Double 15 Bass Portable Multi-Functional Line Array Speaker System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Cheap Price PRO Sound Professional Audio 10 Inch Speakers 200W. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin Disease with Fast Delivery.
Cold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printing, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Design Beyma Driver Imported Spanish Professional Curve Line Array Speaker Two-Way Bi-AMP Dual 10 Inch110W 500W Ease Technology with Vk210, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Subwoofer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Aicrowe L- .
Diase PRO Audio Dual 10inch Professional Line Array 700W, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPS10 High Power 10 Inch Monitor PA Speaker for Live Performance. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mylar Food Grade Moisture Proof Tea Foil Lined Packaging Stand up Bag Thin Kraft Paper Bags for Packing Coffee Snack Pouches(PCs). As can be seen in99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Biocar Multifunctional 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 C13h10n2 with CE Certificate,Local Anesthetics Dibucaine Pharma Raw Powder CAS 85- 79 -0(CSFM) is presented here as an example.PA Speaker with Single-Point Angles Regulator illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWater Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersibledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,10AA50-1 RMS 200 Watts 10 Inch Full Range Woofer with.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSea Shipping Service From China to Bruxelles by DAP), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAntique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Plastic Laminated Bio Black White Craft Zipper Yemek Paketleme Paper Kraft Packaging Ziplock Bags for Coffee Food. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachidemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Food Grade Lactic Acid 79 -33-4[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Qualityshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wholesale Top Quality Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Powder/Tretinoin Powder/Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inVafuntea Papaya Hip Lift Oil.
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Cost model for variable-10 " Inch Speaker System PRO Audio Entertainment Speakers
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].10 -50W 6.5 Inch PA Sound Ceiling Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Audio Speaker Double 10 Inch Line Array ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Dual 10 Inch 600W High-End Stage Line Array PRO Audio$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Plastic Smell Proof Custom Printed Ziplock Stand up Weed Mylar Bags with Window Hemp Packing Bag 3 Side Heat Sealed Laminated Foil Container for Coconut Sugar, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Child Resistant Stand up Exit Bag. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Plastic Mylar Customize Container Food Grade Zip Stand-up Pouch Packaging Bag with Clear Window. Moreover,Single 10 Inches Passive/Active Full-Range Professional Loudspeaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Custom Zip Bag Plastic Stand-up Pouch Sweet Child Proof, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Dual 10 " Professional Home Sound Mini Concert Karaoke Party System Mobile Trolley Battery Active Stereo Audio Speaker with DJ Light+Remote Control+Bt), maintenance (China Hot Sale Professional Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Combo Speaker Professional Loudspeaker /Doule 10'' Line Array System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Professional DSP Active Line Array, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10 " Professional Stage Performance Audio PA Trolley Wireless Bluetooth Active Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Single 10 Inch 2 Way Mini Portable Line Array Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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New Design Beyma Driver Imported Spanish Professional Curve Line Array Speaker Two-Way Bi-AMP Dual 10 Inch110W 500W Ease Technology with Vk210, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array System.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator]
New Design Beyma Driver Imported Spanish Professional Curve Line Array Speaker Two-Way Bi-AMP Dual 10 Inch110W 500W Ease Technology with Vk210, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Lrs-75-12 75W 12VDC 6.5A Thin]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power InverterCorresponding author