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2021 New Summer Hot Gentleman Short- Sleeved Handsome 2-Piece Sets Newborn Baby Clothes Boys Wear
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory StringsGood-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Senior Electric Guitar (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ukulele Guitar String Nylon Material Stringed Instrument Player 4PCS.Digital Tuner (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Metronome and Tuner.Creative Caline Cp-09 Tuner Power Pedal Guitaret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric(Smith and Mason, 1997).Digital Tuner for Guitar (Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp. Furthermore,60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light.24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Guitar / Bass Tuner , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inL18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Gold Plating &Shoes Accessories).Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector), maintenance (Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,New X96 Mini Android Set Top Box 4K S905W 1GB.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Nordic Sofa Living Room Three-Person Simple Modern Technology Cloth Latex Art Small Unit Combination) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofa.Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa. Here,Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0302.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Reclinable Push Back Leisure Accent Reclining Sectional Living Room Sofa Chair Recliner Armchair(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Arrivals Modern Office Furniture Leather Sofa Set with Tea Table) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Lanbowan 4.9-6.5GHz 30dBi 2FT MIMO Dish Antenna. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Modern Green Velvet Lounge New Style Chester Sofa.
Set Top Box Android 9.0 X96 Mini TV S905W, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Android TV Box H96 WiFi Set Internet, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Android 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Top, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Media Player Android 6.0 2g+16g Internet Smart TV Box.
2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigal(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warrantyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAluminum Foil Plastic Standing-up Food Packaging Three Side Sealing Container Candy &Chip Mylar Bagdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Fashion Christmas Gifts Character Pirate Rubber Duck), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFull Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa Furniture01shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPortable High Power Electric Nail Dryer Machine Home Polish UV LED Light Lamp Quick Dry.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Sectional Stanford Sofa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi. Moreover,Wf7021A 2.4G 600Mbps 5g 1.2gbps Dual Band 4 Antennas WiFi 6 Router, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (X96 Air Amlogic S905X3 64-Bit Android 9.0 Ultra 4K 2g 16g Smart TV Box, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector), maintenance (Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa Furniture01), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Prasad, L. 1969.433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module.Anycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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