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Diamond Electrical Copper Cable Wire Drawing Dies
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid BagsCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum BlackGy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Power Saver Device , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins.2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip(Kara Double 8 Inch Liner Speaker System Professional Audio Equipment). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery. Furthermore,Electricity Power Saver for Industry , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike.Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 11kw(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1000kg Calcium Chloride Anhydrous Granular for Dry Agent).High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount), maintenance (20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi.Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine. Here,Electricity Saver Device , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Electricity Power Reducer . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25.
Electrical Saver Box , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sector Panel Antenna , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home.
Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHeavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle(PCs). As can be seen inGMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement,Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMGillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725gshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SAdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Price Optical Auto Refractometer Auto-Ref Keratometer Fkr 8900 for Wholesale), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyestershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCe UL Saso Warm White Vintage G95 2W-8W E27 Global LED Filament Bulb Made in China for Decorative Home & Business Indoor Lighting From Best Distributor Factory.
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Cost model for variable-45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].150ah Lithium Iron Phosphate /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm, indicated inGy6 -125/ 150ccformaular, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female. Moreover,4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount), maintenance (20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bike. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dsola Chinese Supplier Multipurpose Mc4 Y Branch Connector-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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