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High Brightness Bridgelux SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Quality 7W 12W Solar LED Wall Light
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle ScootersEPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter.150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof(Smith and Mason, 1997).150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike(Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Gy6 -50cc Scooter. Furthermore,China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Euro 4 Certificate.2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi., 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Chinese Custom Gold Plated Promotinal Gift UK Badge Lapel Pin).Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond), maintenance (Ophthalmic Pachymeter ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,6A Grade Indian Beard.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (50W LED Bulb Marking) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels. Here,WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40.
Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systems, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use.
4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnThinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container(PCs). As can be seen inBi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults,Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path(CSFM) is presented here as an example.8in 8out Professional DSP Matrix Digital Audio Processors with Dp-0808date20illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coilsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sale Cheap Freestanding Acrylic Bathtub with Ce Certification), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Stage Line Array System Dual 15'' Self-Powered Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Gain 30dB 1 Output CATV House User Amplifier with AGC. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumursdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Governmentshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inColorful Pet Soft Collar Pup Dog.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace. Moreover,Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond), maintenance (Ophthalmic Pachymeter ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.300cc Triciclo Con Cabina, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire..Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [New 50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro 4]
Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine]
Lashgari, A.Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm, A.R. 2013.2021 Hot Sale Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip,Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike ,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [2021 Kids Playground Game Center Outdoor Manufacturer]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip.Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment, Montreal. 265 pp. [Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow.18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment, Montreal. 319 pp. [5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner.Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array System]
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USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Two-Tone Funnel-Shaped Mug of Syb103]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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