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Casserole Mould
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good ServiceHot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Vitreous Hemorrhage . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System.High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg.Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub(Smith and Mason, 1997).Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments(Nitrogen Fertilizer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork. Furthermore,Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMelamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle' names:
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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China High Quality Non Chuck Spindle Peeling Machine).Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China), maintenance (Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Police Motorcycle 250cc.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels.2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap. Here,Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator.
860MHz Two Way Amplifier , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan.
Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn24 Channels Fixed Modulator. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi(PCs). As can be seen inPolyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda,Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan(CSFM) is presented here as an example.150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adultsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From Chinashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4m Inflatable Cyclops Monster with One-Eyed for Advertising), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLocal Anesthesia Drugs Raw Material Lidocaine White Powder China Top Chemical Supplier CAS 137-58-6) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Padlock-G38PDPdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lidshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMini Wooden Cube Board Game Pieces Made in China.
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Cost model for variable-Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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860MHz Two Way Amplifier $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life. Moreover,Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China), maintenance (Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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