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S. Arfania; A.R.Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 Android TV Player World IPTV Video Box Support IR /2.4GHz Wireless Mobile Remote Control15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Android TV Box 7.1 Smart Full HD 1080P Video Motherboard for Kodi 17.6(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Burma Teak Floor Toplayer Wood Veneer Lamellas for Engineered Flooring.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Zl08f Titanhi 800kg Mini Hydraulic Shovel Wheel Loader with Ce, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Pendoo X10 Max Android 4K Smart Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott 2GB 16GB IPTV 4G 64G RAM ROM TV Box. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Produced Android Smart TV Box 7.1 Full HD 1080P Video Kodi 17.6.1.5 Kw Output 3 Phase 380V Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Vector Control Made in China(Khalesiet al.,2015).

China Inverter Manufacturer 3 Phase Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz AC Drive.Vector Control Frequency Converter Solar Pump Inverter AC Drive 3 pH Electric Motoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Solar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).AC Converter Variable Frequency Drive 3 pH 0.75kw Output Power Supply(Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)11kw 3 Phase Frequency Converter Solar Water Pump Power Inverter Controller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Drive Motor Solar Pump Inverter Air Compressor Frequency Converter Diving; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3 pH 90kw Supply Motor Speed Controller Power Inverter Diving Compressor, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.3 pH 37kw Variable Frequency Drive with AC Input Motor Driver. Furthermore,AC Three Phase Output Drive Frequency Converter Speed Control Electric Motor, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Zl08f Mini Hydraulic 4WD Compact Shovel Wheel Loader for Sale.New Zl08 Mini Radlader with Hydraulic Transmission(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725 G CE Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDouble Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Everun 2021 Brand Ce Certificated Er08 Small Construction Machinery Wheel Loader with Snow Blade' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (DC-5t/2 Open Type Ground Socket).Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood), maintenance (White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control.China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader. Here,0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply.

Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord.

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whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket(PCs). As can be seen inLuxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while0.15mm Rosewood Veneerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSweetheart A-Line Wholesale Lace Evening Bridesmaid Wear Bridal Gown Wedding Dress), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCompressive Strength Compression and Tension Concrete Pressure Testing Machine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive. Moreover,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood), maintenance (White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker 15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal PailCorresponding author