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1 Year Warranty 20tpd Parboiled White Rice Mill Plant
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy RimCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kwVitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices.Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System.Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5(Smith and Mason, 1997).Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine(High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle. Furthermore,Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1L Beer Can.High Quality Electric Scooter Factory(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1L Panit Can, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHair and Eyelash Growth Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 155149- 79 -4(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (GLS A60 B22 Red Colour LED Filament Bulb / Lamp Light Lighting Dimmable).MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD), maintenance (2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Radiate Pine Face Veneer.Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai. Here,1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box.
2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia.
5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter(PCs). As can be seen inMobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Good Quality Powder CAS 56377- 79 -8 Nosiheptide with Best Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileYn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loaderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSD-250A-24 250W 12VDC), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800Wdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated into Asuncion Uruguay From Professional Freight Inernational Airflight Sea.
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Cost model for variable-Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce. Moreover,Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD), maintenance (2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi AntennaCorresponding author