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Outdoor Waterproof LED Garden Lights RGB Flower Wave Effect with Remote Christmas Projector
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound ScannerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production LineRGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor.HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer.Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement(Smith and Mason, 1997).HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer(4inch Outdoor Use Full Range for Public System Wall-Mounted Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer. Furthermore,High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light.Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Pyrites Lump).150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter), maintenance (150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter.150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm . Here,150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Gy6 -50cc Scooter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter.
Euro 4 Certificate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi..
High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDouble Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo (PCs). As can be seen inChina Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories,300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults (CSFM) is presented here as an example.CE Approved Wolf Wl80 Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Farmillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmittershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrowdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAutumn and Spring Wedding Dress Long Sleeve Uw4004), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ringdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Containershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Ophthalmic Pachymeter (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized Size Artificial Stone Kitchen Tops Marble Countertops for Room.
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Cost model for variable-6A Grade Indian Beard
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.50W LED Bulb Marking; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels, indicated inBi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table. Moreover,Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter), maintenance (150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systems), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [New 50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro 4]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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