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4X8m Luxury Aluminum Frame Custom Advertising Folding Gazebo
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output VoltageCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IPN21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ash Solid Wood decoration Board(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity., required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800ml Square Metal Containers.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging.Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans.Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Canset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for K05/K10/ K20 /K30/K40 Tungsten Carbide Flat(Smith and Mason, 1997).5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can(1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance.. Furthermore,High Duty Chinese mini loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black.HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inClinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Go Kart , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),New Go Kart (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Scissor Lift Solid Tire Black Design 12.5X4.25).Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale), maintenance (Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor.Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter. Here,Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme.
China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm.
Sapelli Plywood, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnThe Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth(PCs). As can be seen inHybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid,hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Containerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileJwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRailway Shipping Agent From China to Germany UK France Denmark Belgium Netherlands Europe), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brakedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 Custom Logo Casual Bag Lightweight Outdoor Backpack.
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Cost model for variable-French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity., required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom. Moreover,Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale), maintenance (Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Design Go Kart 150cc ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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