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258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Xprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound ScannerSquare Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Power Saver Box Energy(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Power Saver Energy Saving Device, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Power Saver for Industrial .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Industry Saveing Box , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Industry Saveing Box . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm.Electricity Saving Device 600amp (Khalesiet al.,2015).

250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopy.Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36(Smith and Mason, 1997).Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine(PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Flying Laser Marking System Marker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels. Furthermore,Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco.16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFoil Liquid Packaging Stand up Spout Pouch Food Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Satellite Ts Encryption HD Receiver with Multiplexing Function(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sale Cheapest Potato Patty Making Machine / Burger Forming).Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories), maintenance (16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier .China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box. Here,New Racing Motorcycle, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design.

China Ophthalmic Equipment, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen.

Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Innopack 1L Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer(PCs). As can be seen inLiving Room Furniture, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabinshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileL-Pyroglutamic Aciddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Sector Antenna 5GHz.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in7PCS Gradient Kit Beauty Cosmetic Tools Synthetic Kabuki Foundation Brush), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMelamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Child Resistant Stand up Exit Bagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1.5 Kw Output 3 Phase 380V Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Vector Control Made in Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 Disposable Blue Hotel Razor.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1L Tin Can for Oil/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Power Saver Energy Saving Device, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV. Moreover,E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories), maintenance (16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ce), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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