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Top Quality Concrete Block Making Machine in New Zealand
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric MotorcycleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet ForkPower Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control.China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).
0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe.4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging(Smith and Mason, 1997).11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power(Qige Supply High Quality Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraception). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin. Furthermore,Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale.Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRadiate Pine Face Veneer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (P3.9mm Ultra High Definition RGB Video Wall Displays).AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw), maintenance (Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control. Here,Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini.
Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan.
910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnE0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets(PCs). As can be seen in231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limiter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Android 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Topillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directlydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFive Point Head Pentagon Socket Button Security Anti-Theft Machine Screw), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromElectric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massagedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,3phase VFD[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Lightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2216 2300K Waterproof 3mm PCB Us Light SMD White Flexible LED Strip.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Universal Vector Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing. Moreover,5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw), maintenance (Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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