GENERAL PAPERS

China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture WorkingCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years WarrantyRF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale.Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty(Khalesiet al.,2015).

20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black.Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chipset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 20W 30W Handheld Vin Number Metal Logo Laser Marking Machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(Professional 8 Mono+2 Stereo 10 Channel DSP Audio Mixer with 48V Phamton Power Supply). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Power Saver Device ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports. Furthermore,60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins.2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wood Veneer Peeling Machine / Machine/ Max Diameter 500mm).Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial), maintenance (High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz.CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties. Here,High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine.

5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Electricity Saver Device , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver.

High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnEEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electricity Power Reducer (PCs). As can be seen inGy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Lightshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shippingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTiger Zodiac Ice Sticker), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce ULdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Lightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in25cm Heart Bear Wedding Party Decoration Valentine Girlfriend Anniversary Gift Foam Flower Teddy Rose.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas. Moreover,150ah Lithium Iron Phosphate , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial), maintenance (High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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