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S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Retinoic Acid Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality 98% Tretinoin (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2.High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker.Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2(0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Potassium 2, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System. Furthermore,Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0.Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHealth Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Medical Oxygen Generator Psa O2 Concentrator Air Separation Plant Manufacturer).Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material), maintenance (Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Supply 1.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder.Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0. Here,Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline.

Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,99% Purity 1.

PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3(PCs). As can be seen inFarm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1,Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dual 10 Inch Top and Double 15 Bass Portable Multi-Functional Line Array Speaker Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle Cityshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileUV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinetdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTungsten Carbide Wire Drawing Dies Type S-11), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

N

Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBeer Mug BS150508.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4. Moreover,Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material), maintenance (Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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