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Stone Solid Surface Acrylic Epoxy Resin Corian Kitchen Countertop
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi AntennaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos MotorcyclesM7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB.Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price.Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Modelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater(Smith and Mason, 1997).Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart(Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use. Furthermore,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System.5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inClosed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Professional Produce Tungsten Carbide Wire Drawing Dies for Steel).Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush), maintenance (Okoume Veneer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin.Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea. Here,Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.0.15mm Rosewood Veneer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy(PCs). As can be seen inC Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in Chinashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBest Selling 4X4 Farm ATVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inThree Phase 4 Round Pin Waterproof Socket with CE), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bikedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.15HP Three Phase Frequency Convertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMt8ktf51264az-1g9p1 DDR3-1866 512mx64 Udimm.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Gurjan Veneer Keruing, indicated inTop Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture. Moreover,New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush), maintenance (Okoume Veneer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, Montreal. 265 pp. [Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
200cc Reverse Wholesale Motor Light Three Wheel Motorcycle Mini Variable-Frequency Drive/ VFD /Adjustable-Frequency Drive /Afd/ Variable-Voltage/Variable-Frequency /Vvvf/Drive/ Variable Speed /VSD/ACCorresponding author