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Core Veneer Machine Log Debarking
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Sound Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Line Array LoudspeakerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty ApparatusDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Underwater Pool Light with Niche . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Skin Tightening.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus(Khalesiet al.,2015).
portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories.New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warrantyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging(Smith and Mason, 1997).IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light(Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17. Furthermore,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale.Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purity(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 High Quality Aluminum Door Use Floor Hinge Glass Hardware).Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting), maintenance (High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting.3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid. Here,Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlight. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED Floodlight.
T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory Supply 1 to 2 Male Female Y Branch Mc4 Solar Connector for off Grid System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector.
Solar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSolar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67(PCs). As can be seen inPRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector,Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scaleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 10 Inch Vtx V20 Line Array Speaker Big Professional Loudspeaker 3 Way Active Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWholesale China Custom Iron Stamped Antique Gold Plated Replica Rare Islamic Coin Dies for Sale), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Grade Block Board for Furniture Producedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warrantyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.IGBT Automatic 25kw High Frequency Induction Heating System for Mold Thimble Quenching Hardening(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLapel Pin Badge Manufacturer Metal Shiny Gold Plated Hard Enamel Pins.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Surface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Light/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.IP68 Glass 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light for Fountain; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface . Moreover,Lithium Ion Battery 10kw 5kwh 3kwh Energy Storage Cabinet with Inverter and BMS, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting), maintenance (High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Allsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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