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75 Inch Super Screen Ultra Slim LED TV Dled Android Smart
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III EngineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic PE Pipe Production LineYn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Pesticide Deltamethrin 98% TC.King Quenson Best Selling Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp Insecticide Manufacturer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SC.Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Cabin AS-2800et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price(975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line. Furthermore,Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink.Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSupply Rosin Modified Polyamide Resin for Paint(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (PC Aluminum Frame Trolley Luggage for 20" Travle Suitcase).Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP), maintenance (China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Benzene Soluble Polyamide Resin for Flexo Printing Ink.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Premium quality and very competitive price for Permethrin 25% EC) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler.Permethrin 25% EC Pesticide & Insecticides. Here,China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-HD250-5/7 Arm Boom Bucket Cylinder Seal Cyl for Kato.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ergonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PVC Garden Pipe Making Machine Cost) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PU Wheel 2000kg Hand Pallet Truck with Digital Weighing Scale.
Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
3ton Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck Trolley Special, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2000kg Mini Cheap Price Nylon Wheel Hand Hydraulic Pallet Truck.
Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line(PCs). As can be seen inRk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line,PVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mm(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Top Quality Dehydrating Agent Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9%shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHome Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kitdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Material Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTungsten Cemented Carbide Copper Wire Extrusion Die), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustomizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Manufacture E307D Bucket Cyl Kit Seal. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Price Home Solar Energy System 3kwh with 5 Years Warrantydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Excavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Parts[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kits for Sumitomo(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRubber Chemicals Additives Accelerator Tmtd.
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Cost model for variable-Komatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ket
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Top Quality Insecticide Classification Deltamethrin 98%TC$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Highly Effective Deltamethrin , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chrome Quadrant Shower Enclosure with Plastic Double Roller. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price. Moreover,Quadrant Stainless Steel Corner Shower Enclosure for Hotel with Customized Size and Color, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Quadrant Framed Shower Enclosure/ Cabin / Cubicle , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP), maintenance (China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Imiprothrin 93%TC), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Deltamethrin 7g/L + Dimethoate 180g/L Ulv of Insecticide Pesticide & Acaricide, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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