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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price.Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart.Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiveret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil(Smith and Mason, 1997).Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC(Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System. Furthermore,5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof.Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSwedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (6002 SKF).Okoume Veneer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), maintenance (Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery.968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. Here,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.
Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGood Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta(PCs). As can be seen in2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATVshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePortable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCommerical High Quality Gas/Electric Oil Bakery Rotary Oven), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLow Frequency Inverter AC Drive) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.15HP Three Phase Frequency Converterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powdershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inArgan Oil for Hair Treatment Leave in & Conditioner.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gurjan Veneer Keruing; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. Moreover,Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), maintenance (Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids.Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, Montreal. 265 pp. [5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China.Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City.Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, Montreal. 319 pp. [Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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