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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.L-Pyroglutamic Acid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

L-Pyroglutamic Acid, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8.Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Quality Retinoic Acid .High Quality 98% Tretinoin et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart(Smith and Mason, 1997).Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price(45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. Furthermore,High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker.Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSelf Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (233 -140-8 Calcium Chloride Flake for Water Treatments).PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered), maintenance (Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3. Here,Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Supply 1) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9.

Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl.

China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFree Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight(PCs). As can be seen inOutdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2,Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolicshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFarm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inJb-300W Computer Control Semiautomatic Impact Testing Machine), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia Pain Relleving Cream USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTraditional Classic Models / Baccarat System for Gambling Table with 22 Inch Result Display.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker. Moreover,100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered), maintenance (Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Powered Speaker System for Home Theater, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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