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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam GradeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Stage Bass Sound System 15 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Ls50030% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Public Address Mini Onwall Line Array Speaker , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Q1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
12inches PA Speaker Audio Component, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA.Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1.Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sellet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk(Smith and Mason, 1997).Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box (Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Speaker with Laser Light ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights. Furthermore,L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4.High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Phena, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wholesales Veterinary Drugs Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 USA Warehouse
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frame, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Horn Professional Speaker H3(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Waterproof Laptop Fashion Outdoor Sport School Book Bags Business Men Travel Backpack).Coaxial Loudspeaker TD12.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (18'' Subwoofer Speaker Box Ls1200), maintenance (Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Fast Delivery 1) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Speaker Box F12+) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional.15'' Coaxial Speaker . Here,Customs Guaranteed 1, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Manufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6.
China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakers, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker.
12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDare Dual 8" Neodymium Active Line Array Set PA System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame(PCs). As can be seen inDouble 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn ,Active Mini Line Array Speaker with DSP Amplifier Module(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakersillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bassshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Quality Certified Product Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK Powder.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10oz HDPE Chroming Nutrition Plastic Canister), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCarb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PE Dog Food Pouch with Holedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Supply BMK Powder Glycidate CAS: 5413-05-8[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysiashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Manufacturer B Grade Karachi Diper Sale Supplier China Menufacturer Distributor Disposable Baby Diaper in Bulk.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone with Best Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Public Address Mini Onwall Line Array Speaker , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.99% BMK White Powder Glycidate Bulk Sales CAS: 16648-44-5, indicated in3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
99% 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 100% Pass Customs$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.62442 Shiny and Non Phena Powder 62 44 2, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powder. Moreover,100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (18'' Subwoofer Speaker Box Ls1200), maintenance (Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Portable 15inch PA Speaker F15+, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Speaker 12 Inch SA-212 Professional Sound Box Portable Passive-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Professional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active System.MBN1503 PA Woofer .Best Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price, Montreal. 265 pp. [2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Self Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array.Light and Durable Mixing Console Mg124cx Audio Mixer.Best Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price, Montreal. 319 pp. [150cc Automatic Racing Sports Exclusive Design ATV ]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio.Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk]
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Prasad, L. 1969.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Fast Delivery.High Quality Chloramphenicol CAS 56-75-7 China Factory Supplier, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information]
400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-High Quality 99% CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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