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Topone Factory Hot Sale China 138mm Balck Mosquito Coil Anti Elies Mosquitos
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor LoadersCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From ChinaRecycle Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Manufacturers; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush.Okoume Veneer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesiveset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food(Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. Furthermore,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style.4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inElectric Motorcycle (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Plush Lying Dog).0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch), maintenance (Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket.0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer. Here,Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Gurjan Veneer Keruing(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof.
2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB.
970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnBest Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer(PCs). As can be seen inPA /CPP Rotort Pouch, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System,488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stockillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Double 10'' Compact Active Line Arrayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Steel Frame Promotional Dome Canopy Tent with Counters for Outdoor Events), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PVshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCrack Polish.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid. Moreover,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch), maintenance (Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Frequency Converter 75HP Three Phases-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls.Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine, Montreal. 265 pp. [D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array ]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle.Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine, Montreal. 319 pp. [Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery]
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New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Solar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Battery]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment PasteLow Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2Corresponding author