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Plush Dolls with Colorful Skirt
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital SignageCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Dare Dual 8" Neodymium Active Line Array Set PA SystemProfessional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Active Mini Line Array Speaker with DSP Amplifier Module, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Quality Certified Product Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK Powder. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver.99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Factory Supply BMK Powder Glycidate CAS: 5413-05-8.China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenoneet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Qsn Professional Audio Dual 10 "Power Speaker Xt10(Smith and Mason, 1997).Chinese Manufacturer Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates16648-44-5 BMK White Powder(1500W Electric Motorcycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone with Best Price; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.99% BMK White Powder Glycidate Bulk Sales CAS: 16648-44-5. Furthermore,99% 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 100% Pass Customs, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-62442 Shiny and Non Phena Powder 62 44 2.Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powder. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Speaker Tcx- 10
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Passive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Christmas Personalized Gift Sublimation Photo Printed Music Mug).Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker System.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (10 " PRO Audio DJ Line Array Speaker Equipment System), maintenance (Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Buy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates BMK Glycidate Powder 16648-44-5.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (10 " PRO Sound PA Line Array Loudspeaker Audio Speaker System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Big Outdoor Sound Equipment Active Dual 8" Line Array Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active System.MBN1503 PA Woofer . Here,Best Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Self Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Light and Durable Mixing Console Mg124cx Audio Mixer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Chassis/Dolphin/Powerful Speaker for Stadium) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery.
Kara Line Array Speakers Double 8 Inch Concert, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Top Quality Isopropyl Alcohol , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Disco Sound+ PA System Speaker, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Fast Delivery.
High Quality Chloramphenicol CAS 56-75-7 China Factory Supplier, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality 99% CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).N- (PCs). As can be seen inHigh Security Door Peephole Eyes Viewer DV3828b , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Raw Material Anti Epilepsy Topiramate Powder with Best Price,Dual 12 Inch Powered Line Array Active Sound System W-210bp(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cementillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileQsn Professional Audio Dual 10 "Power Speaker Xt10demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Speed Wood Log Debarker), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pain Relleving Patch Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse Free Sample. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Kas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Tg01 1 Inch Silk Dome Tweetershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Mini Speaker Line Array Wedding Decoraions DJ Mixer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLong Circle Shape Punch Press Die 85 Standard Series.
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Cost model for variable-8 Ohm PRO Audio DJ Mixer Live Sound System
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 15'' Self-Powered Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Purity Valerophenone 1-Phenylpentan-1-One CAS 1009-14-9; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Levamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nootropic Powder 99% Noopept/Gvs-111 Manufacturer CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Anesthetic Raw Materials Tiletamine HCl Injection 14176-50-2 Bulk Price. Moreover,High Quality Nootropics Noopept CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Manufacturer Supply High Purity Food Grade Lactic Acid CAS 50-21-5, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (10 " PRO Audio DJ Line Array Speaker Equipment System), maintenance (Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Hot-Sale Lt12 Dual 12" Concert Line Array System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Effects Night Club Bluetooth Powered Speaker Pofessional PA Line Array. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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